避免温度变化的养猪生产技巧和饲喂策略:解决产房的高温问题!
Brian Strobel, Sylven Blouin, Agr. and Dr. Hyatt Frobose
全球多家研究机构已经研究了热应激对哺乳母猪的影响。 我们可以看初产(第一胎)母猪或经产母猪的数据,但结果相似(Williams,2009)。
在本次讨论中,让我们看一下68°F(理想,20℃)和77°F(高温,25℃)的产房环境条件。 最需要仔细检查的阶段是从母猪转进产房到分娩后七天的环境温度。这是猪生产中唯一的一个需要两个不同的温度环境的阶段。因为我们在同一区域内既有成年母猪,也有新生仔猪。
迄今为止,对诱发妊娠母猪分娩的温度进行了大量研究(Robbins等,2019)。通过对大量母猪的研究,探索它们最舒适的温度是多少。
关于高温情况下猪只管理的研究
佳饲达Quattro饲喂器可以促进母猪在一天中的特定时段进食,并在屏幕上显示出根据母猪的胎次和和哺乳天数来进行饲喂的采食量与采食目标量的比值。 该喂食器还可以控制仔猪保区域的微环境。
什么样的条件最适合哺乳母猪?
对于哺乳母猪,一般生产指导建议将59-79 oF(15~26℃)作为最适温度范围,将59至90 oF(15~32℃)分别作为推荐的保暖的最低和最高温度(Salak-Johnson等,2010)。近期对哺乳母猪进行的热应激研究认为,舒适区间为64至68 oF(18~20℃),热应激为75至86 oF(24~30℃),(Williams等,2013)。
由于风速,湿度,动物体型等因素的影响,这些温度只应作为指导性指标,母猪的生产性能和行为反馈才是最终的决定因素。
高温如何对哺乳母猪产生影响
产房的温度较高(77 oF,25℃)时,母猪的呼吸频率显着提高,体表、直肠和乳房温度升高,产程延长,这可能导致死产增加(Quiniou等,1999)。相反,对于分娩时处于中等温度房间(72 oF,22.2℃)的母猪,已证实可以增加哺乳期采食量和断奶体重(Muns等,2016)。
根据这些结果,欧洲公认的标准温度为72°F(22.2℃),而北美为68°F(20℃)。
提供两种环境条件:一项对养猪生产和管理的挑战
事实上真正的焦点在于,不牺牲母猪舒适度、采食量和产奶量的前提下,保持仔猪的保温需求。 不幸的是,我们目前仍旧常见的现象是,生产者让产房过度升温,以牺牲母猪采食量和饮水量的方式来防止仔猪腹泻。
维持产床仔猪区域环境的主要准则是,不受通风量和限定躺卧区域的影响和可接受的温度。
引用文献
A.M. Williams Thesis 07.15.2009. University of Missouri-Columbia. Effects of Heat Stress on Reproduction and Productivity of Primiparous Sows and Their Piglets’ Performance.
Robbins, L., A. Green-Miller, D. Lay Jr, A. Schinckel, J. Johnson, and B. Gaskill. 2019. Evaluation of sow thermal preference. Bergen, Norway; Proc. 53rd Congress of the ISAE. p. 144.
Salak-Johnson, J., J. Cassady, M. Wheeler, and A. Johnson. 2010. Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching. FASS (Federation of Animal Science Societies). 3rd edition. Pp 143-147.
Williams, A., T. Safranski, D. Spiers, P. Eichen, E. Coate, and M. Lucy. 2013. Effects of a controlled heat stress during late gestation, lactation, and after weaning on thermoregulation, metabolism, and reproduction of primiparous sows. Journal of Animal Science, Vol 91, Issue 6. Pp 2700-14.
Quiniou, N., J. Noblet. 1999. Influence of High Ambient Temperatures on Performance of Multiparous Lactating Sows. Journal of Animal Science 77 (8): 2124-34.
Muns, R., M. Larsen, J. Maimkvist, and D. Soerensen. 2016. High Environmental Temperature Around Farrowing Induced Heat Stress in Crated Sows. Journal of Animal Science. 2016.94:377-384.
Leonard, S.M., H. Xin, T. Brown-Brandl, B. Ramirez, S. Dutta, and G. Rohrer. 2020. Effects of Farrowing Stall Layout and Number of Heat Lamps on Sow and Piglet Production Performance. Animals 2020, 10, 348.
Eichen, P.A., M.C. Lucy, T.J. Safranski, E.A. Coate, A.M. Williams, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Heat Stress Effects on Sow Reproductive Performance Using Simulated Forced Air and Evaporative Cooling Systems, pp 773-339 in Livestock Environment VIII. ASABE Pub #701P0408.
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